Logical Deduction - Section 1 (6)
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- Logical Deduction - Section 1
In each question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer:
- (A) If only conclusion I follows
- (B) If only conclusion II follows
- (C) If either I or II follows
- (D) If neither I nor II follows and
- (E) If both I and II follow.
| 41. | Statements: All fish are tortoise. No tortoise is a crocodile. Conclusions: 1.No crocodile is a fish. 2.No fish is a crocodile. |
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Answer: Option E Explanation: Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative. Also, the conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, II follows; I is the converse of II and thus it also holds. |
| 42. | Statements: All roads are poles. No pole is a house. Conclusions: 1.Some roads are houses. 2.Some houses are poles. |
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Answer: Option D Explanation: Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative. So, neither I nor II follows. |
| 43. |
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Answer: Option E Explanation: 'Every' is equivalent to 'All'. Thus, since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, I follows. II is the converse of the second premise and thus it also holds. |
| 44. | Statements: All flowers are trees. No fruit is tree. Conclusions: 1.No fruit is flower. 2.Some trees are flowers. |
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Answer: Option E Explanation: As discussed above, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No flower is fruit'. I is the converse of this conclusion and thus it follows. II is the converse of the first premise and so it also holds. |
| 45. |
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Answer: Option D Explanation: Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows. |
| 46. |
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Answer: Option D Explanation: The first premise is A type and distributes the subject. So, the middle term 'waters' which forms its predicate, is not distributed. The second premise is I type and does not distribute either subject or predicate. So, the middle term 'waters' forming its subject is not distributed. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. |
| 47. |
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Answer: Option D Explanation: Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. |
| 48. |
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Answer: Option D Explanation: Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, neither I nor II follows. |