What will be the output of the program? public class Test { public static void leftshift(int i, int j) { i <<= j; } public static void main(String args) { int i = 4, j = 2; leftshift(i, j); System.out.println(i); } }

Java only ever passes arguments to a method by value (i.e. a copy of the variable) and never by reference. Therefore the value of the variable i remains unchanged in the main method.

If you are clever you will spot that 16 is 4 multiplied by 2 twice, (4 * 2 * 2) = 16. If you had 16 left shifted by three bits then 16 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 128. If you had 128 right shifted by 2 bits then 128 / 2 / 2 = 32. Keeping these points in mind, you don't have to go converting to binary to do the left and right bit shifts.